Comparison Of Napoleon And Hitler Essay

The world as we know it has seen the likes of the most feared and infamous dictators and military geniuses. Some of these people have even shaped the way the world is today and their influences are still felt. Among such dictators are Napoleon Bonaparte and Adolf Hitler, leaders of France and Germany respectively at two different periods. Adolf Hitler’s reign of power begins in 1933 when he is appointed Chancellor of Germany and his reign ends with his suicidal death on April 30 1945. Napoleon Bonaparte’s reign of military power begins in 1783 until he resigns in 1814, yet he has a slight military rebirth after that but it only lasts for a very short time. Both leaders’ careers are filled with massive successes yet they are also littered with massive defeats that truly change the way the world is today. Although these leaders can be considered geniuses, it does not mean they are perfect and not susceptible to the pull of human nature. Adolf Hitler and Napoleon Bonaparte are two of the foremost military strategists and totalitarian leaders yet both had lapses in their judgment, both exhibit episodes of cowardice and both fail in their battles with Russia, ultimately ending their reigns. Adolf Hitler and Napoleon Bonaparte both have several lapses in judgment on the battlefield, and in the planning rooms, during their reigns. While these lapses in judgment immediately may not result in the defeat of an army, when they are added together the results can and often were disastrous. Though Hitler had a strong army that could fight well, the mismanagement of that army and the people around it eventually lead to his personal demise as well as his army’s demise. Napoleon too is responsible for making several irresponsible and debilitating decisions during his reign. The Rhineland, a buffer zone between France and Germany that was formed at the end of World War I in the treaty of Versailles, is a very sensitive area that cannot be occupied by any German military forces. When Adolf Hitler announces to his political party and advisors that he wants to occupy this area, they are incredibly shocked and disappointed at their leader, as this would bring massive retaliations from the French and its allies. Amazingly enough, Hitler gambles on this decision and wins, as the French are initially shocked and eventually just let it go, giving Germany a front in which to attack France from. This action is discussed by all of the leagues and officials at this time and it still is accepted and Germany receives no penalty for occupying the Rhineland. If there had been opposition stemming from this incident though, the Germans would surely have been destroyed, as their army is not even close to being prepared for a major battle. The second decision that Hitler puts into effect is the occupation of Czechoslovakia, an occupation that sends to the rest of Europe the message that Hitler is hungry for land. Most states do not voice their opinion at this stage of Hitler’s reign though, and the one of the only areas that at least thinks about stopping Hitler is France. Hitler’s decisions continue to upset France and throw the balance of European power into a chaotic state. First the Rhineland is occupied by Germany, and now Czechoslovakia is taken by force; these tactics taken by Germany make France decide that the next detrimental decision made by Hitler should have a detrimental effect on his own forces, an effect that will be delivered personally by the French forces. The third decision that Hitler executes improperly is the invasion of Poland at the precursor of World War Two. With Germany simply ignoring the previous alliance with Poland it makes it very hard for Hitler to convince other nations and people to trust him. He also makes it seem that he is only running military maneuvers in the area, which is another example of how other political leaders can distrust him. Because of these decisions, Italy will not fight on Germany’s side and Germany’s unwillingness to back from Poland prompts France and Britain to prematurely enter into direct conflict with Germany, a conflict that Hitler does not believe will take place. Although the Germans easily win the Polish War, it sets an ominous tone for the events to come. Perhaps one of the biggest lapses in judgment that Hitler makes during World War II is the Battle of Britain. Operation Sea Lion definitely is not a success for Germany as they lose their battle as well as fully bring Britain into the war. The people of the beleaguered Great Britain, which is under constant attack at all times, are drawn together to fully strengthen the war cause. If there was ever any doubt about why Hitler and Germany should be  stopped it is pushed away and full on hatred for Germany forms. Germany’s Luftwaffe loses quite heavily as its planes and equipment simply is not up to the English advances in technology, such as radar. The Battle of Britain is an unnecessary and disastrous venture for the Germans and they are faced with heavy losses and morale issues, as Berlin is counter attacked by British warplanes with relative success. Another small defeats adding up to a huge failure in the long wrong include losing the campaign in North Africa, and leaving forces in the area for quite some time while the rest of the war continues. These supplies could have been used for other campaigns occurring at the time and the tanks that are being utilized in North Africa can also be used in the defence of Germany when Allied forces invade it. Napoleon Bonaparte too is susceptible to making bad decisions. While his early military career is littered with amazing and wild successes, his first campaign in the East is a miserable failure. While the initial invasion is a success, the British forces catch most of France’s navy anchored and destroy it, thus leaving much of France’s army stranded in Egypt, Napoleon included. With plague and the constant destruction of French forces, Napoleon knows that the campaign is doomed to failure and leaves his men to die in Egypt while he makes his way towards France once again. The way Napoleon and his soldiers conduct themselves in their occupied Spain is also quite disturbing. After taking over Spain there are continual attempts by the people to overtake their new French government. Napoleon does not take kindly to such actions and begins the slaughtering and torture of his enemies. Napoleon and his men before simply did not practice this type of warfare and now getting into this type of war is definitely the wrong thing to do. There is no definite winner or loser in Spain as Napoleon simply keeps it occupied with soldiers for five years. The most incredible lapse of judgment of both Hitler and Napoleon occurs when they both decide that they want to conquer Russia. Hitler and Bonaparte both failed in Russia thus ending their full-fledged military advancement. The  Russian campaign is considered a huge failure asked for by Hitler and Napoleon. Each leader’s decision for invading Russia is very different with Hitler invading for lebensraum (space for living) and Napoleon invading to somewhat defend France with Russian forces on France’s borders. While both reasons can be seen as rational to a totalitarian leader, neither leader could decide just what to do while inside of the Red country. Although both campaigns lasted much longer than expected, with Hitler and his advisors expecting Operation Barbarossa (the German codename for the invasion) to be a success in eight to ten weeks and Napoleon prophesized his battles would be complete within twenty days. While both can be reasonable estimates while simply looking at the equipment, training, and manpower involved, the leaders of both campaigns do not factor in human resistance, weather, and simply sheer luck. Both campaigns immediately take the same face from the get go, with both forces finding very slim lines of defence to stop them. While Hitler simply engages and destroys the forthcoming Russian defence, Napoleon is faced with a much more daunting situation as the Russian forces employ a strong scorched earth policy, leaving nothing behind for Napoleon’s forces to use for the remainder of the campaign. Because of this policy Napoleon and his forces dwindle on a massive scale, as soldiers fall out from exhaustion, sickness, and desertion at a staggering rate of five thousand per day. After two months, and before Napoleon’s forces could fight a single major battle, one hundred and fifty thousand soldiers are out of action. One of the most disabling situations that occur in Germany’s quest for Russian supremacy is the continual confusion and debate occurring between Hitler and his cabinet, something that many believe cannot happen in a totalitarian regime. Hitler continually intervened on his advisor’s decisions and made all final decisions on his own, something that is very dangerous when you consider Hitler’s mental stability. In Russia he changes his mind several times before settling for Leningrad as the primary objective and Moscow as the secondary objective in Barbarossa, much to the chagrin of his advisors. In what could be one of the unlikely and unusual decisions of the campaign, Hitler decides to merely surround Leningrad  instead of taking it by force, something that could be accomplished within weeks. Instead of actually taking Leningrad, Hitler then decides that Moscow is the primary objective after all and sends a bulk of his forces towards it. The first of Germanyâ €™s weather problems occurs in the taking of Moscow as heavy rainfall hinders the German offensive. An additional major mistake that can be attributed to Napoleon’s downfall in Russia is the fact that great portions of his fighting forces are not even French. Due to this situation most of these soldiers simply left because they did not have a personal attachment to the cause. The fight was being fought simply for the fulfillment of their leaders’ alliance with Napoleon. Hitler could not crush the Russian cities while he had the chance and Napoleon waited too long to retreat. This fact coupled with Russia’s troops fighting in a religious manner results in a downshift in Russian morale. Although Napoleon successfully takes Moscow he accomplishes it in a ridiculous manner. He does not fight the strategic battle style that he is greatly known for and simply throws throngs of his soldiers at the inspired Russians and although his forces do win the battle it does not come with massive personnel and morale losses. The scorched earth policy being employed by the Russian forces definitely takes a dramatic increase when the French forces take Moscow. When Napoleon and his forces enter Moscow they find it mainly abandoned and by the end of the night it begins to burn with fire, fire lit by the Russians themselves. French forces cannot stay in Moscow and use its shelter, food, and water resulting in a losing situation for France. The scorched earth policy also takes a very crucial part in Russia’s victory in Operation Barbarossa as Stalin implores his soldiers and citizens to employ such a tactic that would deprive the oncoming Germans of important supplies. This can lead one to believe that the Russian campaign is won on the basis of nationalism and the idea of helping your fellow citizen the same that you help yourself, a very basic and fundamental communist belief. While all of the other factors involved in taking Russia are very important and crucial, by far the most important of them is the Russian winters that decimated both offensive forces. The winter to Napoleon means the end of his campaign in Russia, and the end of his military supremacy. The Tsar of Russia uses the winter as a great defensive tool as he knows that the French forces cannot take a winter battle and he is definitely correct. The French forces disembark from Moscow in the fall and three weeks later the harsh Russian winter arrives. The temperatures quickly fell and so too did the number of soldiers. The French simply cannot survive with starvation, fatigue, and the extreme cold constantly hounding them. With few French soldiers behind him, Napoleon finally returns to the French capital faced with the daunting task of rationalizing his disgusting defeat. The few Russian winters that Germany has to deal with are among the worst the world has ever seen. In the December 1941 to March 1942 portion of the campaign Germany suffers heavy losses and cannot take Moscow, Hitler’s prime directive and the German forces now have to halt their offensive. In the winter the German forces take a huge blow as the Russians accomplish counter offensive attacks. These attacks are highly successful due to the failing equipment of the Germans coupled with the lack of personal equipment such as jackets and proper footwear coupled with Hitler forcing the soldiers to not retreat and make the soldiers fight as long as they can. The German military commander resigns during this time due to Hitler being overbearing and Hitler takes full command of the forces. Finally realizing his forces are being decimated on a massive scale, Hitler calls for full withdrawal in January, a task that is much easier said than done. Oddly enough, Hitler actually gains more support from his soldiers and the citizens at home because of his actions. Again, though, Hitler begins the spring and summer offensive with relative success and then begins to lose it again. The Russian front is much too large for Germany and its now dwindling supply of soldiers and forces are being spread much too thin. The country is simply much too large to be taken for Germany and Hitler soon begins realizing this. Russia forces Germany  into a war of attrition that is simply cannot compete with and Hitler must withdraw all offensive troops except ones stationed at Stalingrad and other very important points. Eventually, during the following winter the Germans are once again decimated by Russian forces and are forced to evacuate from Stalingrad after many requests to Hitler. Although Hitler makes many plans and tries to implement them with relative success, the German withdrawal takes place between 1943-1944. The German forces are finally removed from the Russian territory with a resounding sense of success emanating from the allies. The defeat of Germany in Russia very greatly depletes the Germans of supplies and forces the Germans to now fight on many fronts while throwing the German military strategists into a state of confusion. Further bombing runs by England begin to eliminate most of the raw materials processing plants employed by the Germans. The invasion of Normandy is carried out by the Allied forces with success and the liberation of Germany begins, and all simply because the taking of Russia is not accomplished. While both Hitler and Napoleon are widely considered military geniuses their lack of effective judgment, courage, and success in Russia equaled a long and tiring end to their military careers.

Bradford City Fire Essay

1.0 Introduction Working within the events sector it is highly likely that you will be faced to deal with certain risks and hazards that could occour. Risk has to be managed and can be done in a manner of ways. Some risks may be controlled by good management but others are inevitable and uncontrollable but dealing with the aftermath of uncontrollable risks can be done effectively. Guidelines and regulations are put in place to reduce risk at events but it is also down to yourself. 2.0 Bradford City Fire This disaster occoured on Sautrday 11th Mayb 1985 at Valley Parade Stadium and is still widely talked about today. A football mtch between Bradford City an d Lincolnd city took place but a great fire started resulting in 56 fatalaties and 256 injuries. 2.1 Identifying the risk The obvious risk is the fire, from the attached video in appendix you can see the start of the fire is very small and I don’t think anyone thought it would escelate to the etent that it did. The fire was first noticed at 3.40pm just 5 minutes before half time. It was noticed three rows from the back of G block in the Valley Parade ground. At first swtewards requested firefighting equipment but soon realised it was burning out of control and polie and stewards started to evacuate people from the stand. As you can see in the video it only took 4 minutes for the whole of the roof and wooden stands to become ablaze. In appendix it is reported that supporters towards the back tried to escape through the back but foun d that the gates were locked. Should the gates have been locked? And if they were why were they still loced in such an emergency? 2.2 Identifying the cause There has never been one definite cause or reason for the start of the fire but many similar reasons. The Daily Mail article in appendix reported that the cause was â€Å"a match or cigarette end dropped onto rubbish that had accumulated under the main stand at Cvalley Parade an turned the wooden structure into inferno† While an article by The Guardian suggests that litter that had developed over the years had contributed the blaze â€Å"The police officer responsible for searching the debris of the burnt-out stand told Popplewell he found litter which had been there for years, including a 1968 copy of the local newspaper† I think the cause of the fire may have been a smoke flare which encouraged the fire by the sheer negligence of not keeping the stands clean and tidy as a newspaper from 17 years prior to the event was discovered during the clean up of the disaster. A magazine article from Infochem in 2010 (issue 234) suggests the same that the fire was started by a cigarette or match and was encouraged buy built up litter but then goes on to reveal tht â€Å"Bradford City FC had been repeatedly warned about the litter posing a fire risk and had plans to upgrade their stand at the end of the season as they were to be promoted for the next season† So the fact that they had been repeatedly warned about the litter surely the stadium should have done something sooner rather than later like in this situation. 3.0 Impact of the risk It is clear from the death toll and injury numbers that many people have been affected by this , not only the mental and physical scarring of the people injured but also the families and friends of those who lost their lives that day. A report from the Independent found in appendix backs this up by describing his story of being told his father was in a special burns unit and was to have skin grafts on his hands. Also showing the severity of the outcome of the injuries a plastic surgeon Professor David Sharp and other plastic surgeons from around the UK were brought in. They operated on around 25 people in the first day while the total needing medical attention was 80. 3.1 Changes as a result of the event This may not be a direct change due to the disaster at the ground that day as this was put into practice in 2007, 22 years after the disaster but im sure it has something to do with it. Bradford City Football Club released a statement to become much more stricter on the non smoking policy. It can be found in appendix . From the introduction of the anti smoking legislation it became apparent that not all supporters were abiding by the rules and ignoring the no smokig signage in certain parts of the stadium. As suggested that a cigarette may be the main cause of the disaster you wuld of thought they would have been more forceful with this rule in the first place. They say that they feel sufficient warning have been given anf that swtard are instructed to eject anyone who is caught smoking witin the stadium. Also that anyone who wishes to leave the stadiun to smoke will not be re admitted under any circumstances. The main thing that came out of this disater was The Poppywell enquiry, this was to revise the Safety at Sports SGrounds Act 1975. From this they changed it to the Fire Safety and Safety of Places of Sport Act. One change that came out of this was to have a maximum number of attendees in stadiuns which is presently set at 10,000. This helps keep an eye on numbers and from a health and safety point of view allows the emergency services to calculate appropriate numbers for if another disaster was to happen. Also from the Poppywell enquiry came that the â€Å"Green Guide† should be revised. The Green Guide gives advice and ensures that people have a strong idea on how safety should be handles at large sporting events. 4.0 Risk strategy methodology There are 4 types of risk response strategies, these are; avoidance,reduction,retention and transference. Risk avoidance is the removal of risk liabilities or hazards. This can be done by changing certain procedures that have a high risk, removing or decreasing risk sources and substituting the less hazardous options. Sometimes risks are far too high and may not be able to be reduced at all and the only answer is to cancel or get rid of the whole idea. Risk reduction is the reduction of the severity caused by the impact. It’s done by reducing the probability of it occurring, It is basically to reduce the seriousness of the outcome should a accident occur. This is done by methods such as protecting yourselves and others and having a good security system. Risk retention is applies to small risks as the cost of insuring yourselves and others against the risk would be substantially larger than the total losses so no special efforts are made to control the risk. This doesn’t mean that the risks are ignored but are closely monitored to ensure they don’t happen again. Risk transference is the allocation of risk to a third party not yourself, which is obtained by purchasing insurance cover.

Annotated Bibliogrophy

Thomas Aguiar WRT391 11/18/2012 Al-Fadili, M, Hussain. , & Singuh, Madlu. (2010). Unequal moving to Being Equal: Impact of â€Å"No Child Left Behind† in the Mississippi Delta. (91),. pp. 18-32. This article looks at 3 specific elementary schools tracking the achievement level index of said schools in the Mississippi Delta from 2003 to 2007. They analyzed the teachers of these schools and looked at what is needed to make the NCLB work. Upon further research of the authors they have written a plethora of scholarly articles many concerning education; furthermore, the data published in this article if very clear and informative.Although this article is based on a very small sample group it gives a look at the educator’s point of view on how to make the NBCL work better. Also the data was collected very recently. Again being that this article is a very small sample size I would conclude that it is bias toward these three specific school’s needs but they do represent a larger population of lower income schools all across America. This will not be a main source for my research but this article will be useful in that the NBCL is criticized for hurting smaller, low income school systems in which this article was written.Dee, S,Thomas. , & Jacob, A,Brian. (2010). The Impact of No Child Left Behind on Students, Teachers, and Schools. Brookings Papers on Economic Activity, (2),:pp. 149-207. This article studies how the NCLB act has changed accountability in our school systems with new testing. Furthermore their studies indicate that at lower grades we are finding gains but at higher grades there are little to no gains. Both Thomas and Jacob are affiliated with two major universities making this article both scholarly and relevant.With over 5 pages of graphs and other forms of research this article is broadly based and the statements made have sufficient research to back up said statements. Because of the recent data that this article provides I will u se the studies as a major research in the NCLB act and testing in general. Hoikkala, T. , Rahkonen, O. , Tigerstedt, C. , & Tuormaa, J. (1987) Wait a Minute, Mr Postman! -Some Critical Remarks on Neil Postman’s Childhood Theory. Acta Sociologica, (30),. 1: pp. 87-99. In this critique the authors assess Neil Postman’s views and theories on how children learn in a technologically driven society.The author’s points out in many instances were Postman contradicts himself throughout his works as time and technology changes. The leading authors of this scholarly article both hold major positions at a University levels making this critique a worthy article to cite. Written in 1987 I feel this article was written at a time in America were technology was changing from television to computers making this an interesting view on how children in America are learning and growing up in a different world than the birth of television.While the article feels bias towards Postman i t still has very worthy points on education, testing in America, and how children in our society grow up with new forms of technology. This article while helping my research on the effects of the NCLB act and testing in general will not be a primary source but will provide me with a view on our society concerning this subject at the time right before computers were in every household and therefore I find it very useful. Lohmeier, L, Keri. (2009).Aligning State Standards and the Expanded Core Curriculum: Balancing the Impact of the No Child Left Behind Act. Journal of Visual Impairment & Blindness, (103),. 1:pp. 44-47. This article addresses the vision impaired learning process concerning the NCLB act and how law makers can merge laws concerning the teaching the vision impaired to better work with the NCLB. Keri L. Lohmeier, Ed. D. , sits as a cochairman of National Agenda Goal 8, board of directors, Division on Visual Impairments making her more than qualified on the subject at hand .The charts and tables she sites are well organized and easy to follow giving the reader an idea why her ideas on changing the way we teach the vision impaired at a governmental level. Written in 2009 this article is recent and relevant. The subject of vision impaired education points out how major acts such as the NCLB have difficulty in helping all of our students and although this article will not be a major part of my research on testing the fact stated above proves how general testing has major problems reaching all students. Mayers, M, Camille. (2006).Public Law 107-110 No Child Left Behind Act of 2001: Support or Threat to Education as a Fundamental Right?. Education, (126),. 3:pp. 449-461. The article looks at the goal of the NCLB concerning helping lower income students having the opportunity to the right of a fair education. Camille is works as an Educational Guidance and Counseling at the California State University making this article scholarly and or worth in my researc h for testing and NCLB. I would deem his research trustworthy as his points and statistics backing them up are up to date and relevant.His conclusion is one that I share in that the NCLB does not help lower income students as intended so I may be bias but his sources are scholarly and his arguments are not biased. If this article covered more than just lower income students I would defiantly consider this as a main source of research but unfortunately it is not. Pederson, V, Patrica. (2007). What is Measured is Treasured: The Impact of The No Child Left Behind Act On Nonassessed Subjects. Clearing House. , (80),. 1:pp. 287-291. In this article the author studies the impact that the NCLB act has played on the arts and humanities subjects in our school systems.Upon further research of Pederson she has many published scholarly articles concerning education making this article worthy or research. The tables and data shown in this article are gathered from 2001 to 2005 and are well detai led and comprehensive. As with most of my previous articles chosen for this research it is written our current times this one being 2007. The article is very clear in that it does not delve in subjects that the NCLB was intended for but how it takes away from other important subjects that law makers overlooked in the act.This article will not serve as my primary source of evaluating the NCLB act but it is very important to understand how this act effects studies in subject in which it was not intended and why law makers feel they are not as important. Postman, N. (1992). Technopoly: The Surrender of Culture to Technology. New York: Knopf. In this book author Neil Postman analyzes technology from the viewpoint not often looked upon, the negative effects it has on society. From the mid 60’s to present day Neil Postman has been writing and teaching his views on technology making any of his works a worthy topic in this field.Technology is changing every day. Being that this book was published over 20 years ago one would infer that it is out of date but on the contrary many of his theories on the subject are still being analyzed. The author’s thoughts on testing in an educational form make this book very useful for analyzing and critiquing the NCLB. Postman, N. , & Weingartner, C. (1969). Teaching as a subversive activity. New York: Delta Books. In this book the authors take a look at the problems as they seem them with the education system in America and propose solutions to this problem.As I have already stated in this bibliography Postman is more than a worthy source to analyze concerning education and testing. This book has theories and opinions stated by the authors that some may agree or disagree with but in my humble opinion it is the problems that are pointed out in this book that are most concerning especially considering that it was written in 1969 and we still have many of these problems. While the authors are very opinionated in their idea s they promote a new way of thinking about our problems with education in America.Even though this book was written in 1969 I feel the ideas and solutions to education make this book worthy of a main resource. Powell, Deborah. , Higgins, J, Heidi. , Aram, Roberta. , & Freed, Andrea. (2009). Impact of No Child Left Behind Act on Curriculum and Instruction in Rural Schools. Rural Education, (30),. 1:pp. 19-28. This article examines a number of rural elementary schools concerning how the NCLB has affected their curriculum and how it will further shape what is taught in rural schools in order to help students pass tests created by said act.While the authors are unknown to myself the journal in which it is published concentrates on specific government acts concerning education. The data portrayed in this article varies from negative to positive making this source unbiased and being that this article was published in 2009 makes this data up to date and useful. While still up in the air in which role this article will play in my research the article directly delves into a topic that hits home as a future educator in a rural school system; furthermore, what and why the NCLB act changes what we teach our youth.Ross, M, S. (2009). Postman, Media Ecology, and Education: From Teaching as a Subversive Activity through Amusing Ourselves to Death to Technopoly. The Review of Communication, (9),. 2: pp. 146-156 The purpose of this review of three of Neil Postman’s major works concerning Education is to point out Postman and his sometimes co-author Weingartner’s theories, concerns and solutions to education and teaching. Susan Ross, an educator herself, writes this review while providing examples of how these books helped shape her career as an educator.Susan is an assistant professor and the Gulf Coast Speaking Center Director in the Speech Communication Department at the University of Southern Mississippi therefore giving her readers a valuable view at the subj ect at hand. This article was published in 2009 making it relevant to today’s standards. While this will not be my primary research on Neil Postman and his impact on education concerning The No Child Left Behind (NCLB) Act and the use of conventional testing Ross does delve into Postman’s ideas and concerns on testing and furthermore the article was written during the era of the NCLB.Tavakolian, Hamid. , & Howell, Nancy. (2012). The Impact of the No Child Left Behind Act. Franklin Business and Law Journal, (1),:pp. 70-77. This article is a direct look at the NCLB and its impact on the graduation rates of the American school system and how that in turn relates to young adults enrolling into a higher learning institution. The authors are concerned with how the NCLB impact on today’s demanding job market and whether or not our education system promotes an environment where children can compete in said market.The leading author is a Professor of Management at Califo rnia State, Fullerton making this work a scholarly. I find this article to be of worth because the overall objective of education should giving our youth the best opportunity possible at competing in the job market. Published this year, this article gives a very fresh look at the NCLB act and its impact on our educational institutions. Because of the articles specific purpose this will be a major resource in which I will use in writing about the NCLB act.

Group Motivation Inventory Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Group Motivation Inventory - Essay Example The persons that form a group are dependent upon one another in the performance of the group's activity, and any change in one group member influences change in the other members. Our team had an evaluation. The evaluation was meant to explore other group concepts. Questionnaires were handed out to each of my group mates. The following observations were drawn out from the evaluation. Through this exercise, I have learned that I, as a member, should understand the group's purpose and believe in the value of the objectives and the ability of other members so that I can contribute meaningfully to the group product. A group will be ineffective if the task and expected outcome are not clear. The effectiveness of a group is directly related to the degree that a primary goal is shared and acted upon among the members. I have also observed that a group is small enough for the members to have general awareness of each other and large enough to contain a variety of knowledge, skills, and perceptions to develop a high-quality product. For example, in a problem-solving group Marvin R. Gottlieb stated in his book Managing Group Process that the most efficient number is between five and seven members. With less than five, a group lacks the diversity of input necessary for a broad perspective and consideration of various points of view. When the group exceeds seven members, on the other hand, there is a tendency for developing hierarchies and subgroups. With these developed sects, unequal status is ascribed to various group members. Unequal status results to unequal power in influencing a group's decision. I have also come to a conclusion that there must be a clear definition of group members' relationships with one another. Group roles, whether assigned or assumed, must be consistent with the knowledge or skill set of each individual. These roles are generally accepted by everyone and remain relatively stable throughout the process. In addition, I have also learned that the work of the group must be shared equally so everyone feels that all are doing a fair share. With the aforementioned knowledge, I now know the significance of abiding by group norms. How I interact in groups will surely improve for the better because I am now even more aware of the consequences that come with irresponsibility and indifference. For future groups to come, I will try even harder to do what is expected of me by my group mates. I will make sure I always attend meetings, be punctual and participate on meetings on a regular basis. I will always observe speaking in turn being careful not to interrupt others. I will accept assignments that are due me and complete them on time. And I will not fail to demonstrate enthusiasm for the group's work. Our evaluation results indicate a highly motivated group but still there is room for improvement. Personal satisfaction from participating in the group's activities is a motivation for group work, thus every member should feel satisfied when doing their share. Personal satisfaction can come from an altruistic perspective, such as feeling good about the work the group is doing because it is perceived as inherently "good" for the society. Or it can come from career building, affiliation with a group that has status, or other recognition motives. To further motivate a group, a timeline

Critically evaluate the importance of the universal declaration of Essay

Critically evaluate the importance of the universal declaration of human rights in protecting human rights - Essay Example , academicians and human rights activists have continued to investigate and research into how the Universal Declarations of Human Rights have succeeded or being challenged in the protection of human rights at the universal level. Most often, there are differences in reportage in the successes and challenges of the UDHR but one crucial fact remains that there is potential in the existence of a common grounds under which issues of human rights can be viewed on a globalised perspective. This paper therefore delves into the discussion of the importance of the UDHR in protecting human rights by looking at certain central areas and aspects of universal human rights such as difficulty in defining human rights, ways of improving human rights at the global level and by use of continental conventions, improvements that have been recorded in the Middle East, Asia and African in terms of human rights, and finally the failure to observe universal standards. Difficult to Define what Human Rights a re According to the United Nations, the creation of the drafting and eventual adoption of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights was done with a notion that sought to identify a common universal code for defining human rights. This is why the phenomenon has a labelling of being universal.4 As a way of ensuring this, several steps were put in place, including the sampling of authors of the Declaration from different regions of the world, so as to be guaranteed that the text was going to â€Å"reflect these different cultural traditions and incorporate common values inherent in the world's principal legal systems and religious and philosophical traditions.†5 This way, it was expected that the Universal Declaration was going to be mutually consenting document and code that was going to help in the identification of key practices that constitute human rights protection and those that constitute abuses of human rights on a global scale. But not long after the declaration, sever al lapses were identified with the definition of what human rights are when taken from the context of cultural differences. In most literature6, human rights are said to be fundamental rights, rather than privileges that are accorded to every person by virtue of the fact that the person is a human being.7 Logically, this means that once a person is born, the fellow would not have to fulfil any processes or duties to qualify to enjoy human rights. Meanwhile, issues of cultural relativism promote the existence of cultural diversity in the world, which means that the fundamental provisions of different cultures must be allowed to be practiced.8 As part of cultural relativism, there is the issue of cultural integrity and diversity, which in itself is protected and enshrined by other United States provisions and declarations. For instance the respect of cultural integ

American Constitution Law 1.1 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

American Constitution Law 1.1 - Essay Example Three hours later, the officers again sought to enter Miss Mapp’s house but still Miss Mapp refused to let them in. The police officers coercively opened one of the doors and accessed the house. Miss Mapp insisted that the police officers to produce search warrant. One of the police officers produced a paper claiming to be a search warrant, which Miss Mapp grabbed and concealed it in her bosom. A struggle emerged in which the law enforcers took the paper and in turn, they handcuffed Miss Mapp on the basis that she has been aggressive in rejecting their official rescue of the search warrant. The police officers forcibly took Miss Mapp upstairs where they searched her concealed items, closet, and some suitcases. In addition, they also searched her personal papers and photo album. The police officers moved on to search the kitchen, children bedroom, and dining hall. In the course of the forceful search, the police officers managed to get the obscene materials they wanted (Clancy, 2008). During the trial of the appellant, no search warrant was produced. The Ohio Supreme court held that it was reasonable that the conviction should be quashed or reversed. This is because the approaches or methods used by police officers to get the evidence were directed in a manner as to offend or insult a sense of justice but the court realized that the evidence had not been obtained from defendant’s person by application of offensive or brutal force against the defendant. In addition, the court asserted that even if the search were done in absence of legal authority or unreasonably by the police officers, it is not stopped from utilizing the unconstitutionally and unreasonably seized evidence at the trial (Clancy, 2008). The fourteenth amendment does not prohibit the use of evidence gathered by unreasonable search and seizure. Therefore, in this case the court held that there was probable and reasonable jurisdiction to try

Call it what ever you like Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Call it what ever you like - Essay Example Antonio is liked by people and has a good heart. He is able to bring out his emotions very in the court while pleading for mercy from Shylock (Shakespeare, Coleman & Barnes, 23). Shylock is the unsuccessfully character and is resented by everyone. Shylock is a rich man who lends out money to Antonio. However, when he needs his money repaid, Antonio is not in a position to repay and this becomes a major source of conflict between the two friends. In the court scene, Shylock is able to bring out very well mixed emotions and anger. He however, later becomes sympathetic when the case turns again as they had not agreed on how to measure the pound of flesh and blood (Shakespeare, Coleman & Barnes, 23). He is well armed with his knife in court and could not wait to be finally allowed to get his pound of flesh. Shylock can be analyzed as a very inhumane and unfair character as he does not even give Antonio a chance to explain himself, he harbors secret hated for Antonio and would be delighted to destroy him the best way he would (Shakespeare, Coleman & Barnes, 23). The other characters hate shylock as he finds fun and satisfaction oppressing them. Other aspects of the play such as costumes, lighting, props as well as sound were well incorporated and the performance was extemporary good (Shakespeare, Coleman & Barnes, 23). All through the play, the characters were able to capture my attention and create enthusiasm to keep watching. The production was top notch. I have learnt vital lessons from the play and will aim at becoming a better and peace-loving

Unionization in Baseball Organizations Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Unionization in Baseball Organizations - Essay Example Unionization in Baseball Organizations This study will also aim to increase the awareness and provide a better understanding of the issues and problems concerning the major league baseball and its organizations in order to contribute an effective approach in addressing their problems. The research will be based on the following assumptions: (a) all participants will be utilizing the correct procedures as outlined in the guidelines for the specific methodology employed, and (b) all participants will answer questions honestly to the best of their ability. Time will be the greatest limitation to this research, which could hinder long-term outcome objectives. Environmental factors, such as socioeconomic status, will not be controlled, and this could create many variables within the research. As this study will utilize a small sample of respondents, the results may not effectively represent the general population. This study was conducted in order to determine the positive and negative effects of unionization on major league baseball. In this study, the interview method of data gathering was utilized, with a combined total of 25 football players and 25 football managers as participants. For this study, the descriptive method was utilized. In this method, the study became cheap and quick. It also suggested unanticipated hypotheses. This paper utilized the descriptive approach because it is difficult to disregards alternative explanations. Therefore observations are being used to this study. To illustrate the descriptive type of research, Creswell (1994) guided the researcher. "The purpose of employing this method was to describe the nature of a situation, as it existed at the time of the study and explored the cause/s of particular phenomena. The researcher opted to use this kind of research considering the desire of the researcher to obtain first hand data from the respondents so as to formulate rational and sound conclusions and recommendations for the study" (Remenyi, 1998). To come up with pertinent findings and provide credible recommendations, this study utilized two sources of research: primary and secondary. Primary research data were obtained through this new research study. Questionnaire survey and in-depth interview was also conducted. On the other hand, the secondary research data were obtained from previous studies on the same topic. The Research Design In order to come up with the most suitable research

Violated human dignity Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Violated human dignity - Research Paper Example Technology† (Headrick, Daniel) However, the movie Idiocracy shows us a fiction of future in opposite direction that is going to decrease the quality of human life, less concerns toward intelligent and beautiful terms, and increase the number of social problems such as abandoning trash, poor security system, and hiring improper employees in extremely important field such as medical field and political field. As the movie Idiocracy sarcastically reveals the problems, we cannot deny that the problems listed above exist today. The problems can be summarized in four issues such as changes in human life style, cultural decline, corruption of morality, and materialism. The serious story begins with changes in human life style. â€Å"Lifestyle theory is composed of three interlocking models: the structural model, the functional model, and the change model.† (Walters, Glenn, P.1) A long time ago, human struggling in poor status with starvation, disease, and war has been seek for something intelligent and progressive to enhance the quality of their life. Nonetheless, people started to be interested in the opposite way, looking for satisfaction based on basic instinct when their life became wealthy and convenient. We can see the sarcastic warning from the director of Idiocracy that people could forget to develop intelligence progressive ideas; moreover, those areas would stop growing and would be even decline. To tell the truth, poetry, literature, and art were popular and developed a lot back in the day, and they really enjoyed and longed for them. Nevertheless, this generation is tamed for entertaining program, show, and unhealthy program fro m the dumping mass media. For the reason, people just want amusement and time-killing more than beautiful and intelligent delight. The changes in the future humans in Idiocracy life style caused a cultural decline. The major interests of most people would be focused on money, sex, and silly

Emerging Nokia Essay Example for Free

Emerging Nokia Essay 1. What strategy would you recommend for Nokia going forward? Please develop a complete strategy that addresses the following issues: Choice of scope: does it make sense for Nokia to be in both emerging and developed markets, or should they choose not to play in certain markets? How integrated should it be into manufacturing, services (apps), software development, sales, etc? Answer1: Choice of scope: With dwindling sales in developed countries like USA, UK, Germany, Russia and Italy and even in emerging markets like India, Indonesia and Brazil (as per Exhibit 1) despite previously having a stronghold, Nokia now had to decide if it should continue its focus on emerging markets or attempt to salvage the sales even in the developed markets. Status in developed markets: 1. The operators usually have more power but this was changing since the emergence of iPhone. It is a replacement market with users looking for up gradation 2. Competition- Growing competition from companies like Motorola, Samsung, LG and Sony Ericsson. The RIM‘s launch of Blackberry(2002) and Apple’s iPhone (2007) was a further set back 3. New Operating System- Emergence of new user friendly operating systems such as Google‘s Android and Microsoft’s Windows mobile further put Nokia on the back foot 4. Inability to understand demand- Nokia failed to identify the growing consumer need for touch screen phones 5. Target Nokia operated at all price points where as competitors like Apple (high-end segment) and Samsung( mid and high end segment) had a clearly drawn up strategy Slowdown in some emerging markets: 1. Reverse bundling allows the manufacturer to wield more power than the operator 2. There is lower cost of production which helps produce inspirational products at low rates 3. The growing competition from companies like Samsung that were offering the latest technology at competitive prices 4. Therefore, Nokia lost out on the middle and high segment but continued to grow in the low-end mobile segment as it had identified the gaps in emerging markets and customized services to suit the local consumers Nokia must recognize the difference in the different market  segments and take the challenges head on to be able to operate in both markets. It must clearly identify the segments it wants to operate in and also change its positioning based on the data below. Data from Exhibit 11: Percentage of phone sales by segment Emerging Markets Developed Countries Mid East AP w/o Japan Latin America E. Europe Japan W. Europe North America Basic 41% 43% 20% 34% 0% 4% 8% Enhanced 40% 44% 58% 45% 32% 29% 43% Smart Phones- E. level 10% 7% 12% 10% 6% 34% 8% Smart phone- Feature 10% 6% 9% 11% 62% 33% 41% Penetration 58% 45.50% 80.30% 127.50% 86.60% 122.90% 84.90% Nokia Market Share 61.40% 42.30% 32.80% 48% 0.30% 39.40% 7.20% In emerging markets, Nokia must focus on Basic and Enhanced phones, as that is the largest segment as the market is still evolving and low cost handsets coupled with customized services will help further grow its footprint. In developed countries, Nokia should look at development of high end- high technology driven models in the Smart Phones Entry Level and Feature segment. At the same time when it comes to Japan, Nokia should look to  divest as it is largely smartphone driven market and Nokia has very little market share and does not have the requisite technology to successfully compete in that segment yet. It is essential for Nokia to follow the innovations in developed countries especially USA and adapt them to developing markets if it wants to stand up against competition in both the markets. Mobile phone industry has followed the International Product Life Cycle but now they have reached a stage where different approach is required for innovation to take place in developed and developing markets to meet their specific needs. Another key thing that Nokia must do is to reconsider its Transnational Strategy and adopt a Multi-Domestic Strategy to be able to cater to the distinctive needs of both the developed and emerging markets and to be more locally responsive. Level of Integration: Manufacturing- It should continue to be highly integrated as that is its core competency and contributed to operating profits with a CAGR of 13%. It helps in cost control especially in price-sensitive emerging markets. Operating System- Low integration. The future of Symbian isn’t very bright as competitors like Android of Google and Apple already have a lot of applications to offer on their OS. hence, it must look to finding a partner for a better OS as has been shown by its adoption of windows OS. Service (Apps) Low integration. This can also be outsourced since it is not a core competency of Nokia and customer Value given to third party applications is on the rise (as per Exhibit 6) Sales and Distribution- Should be highly integrated as it has already developed a vast distribution and achieved great penetration in emerging markets which has been a source of higher margins by direct selling to consumers and is also a core competency. 2. What products should it offer smart phones, low end phones, etc? Source of advantage: what will be the distinctive competitive advantage that Nokia will offer? Choice of activities: what choices should Nokia make in all its key activities, and where will it locate those activities for eg., HR policies, manufacturing, RD, software development, sales and marketing, etc. What is the justification for your strategy recommendation? Answer2: Addressing the consumer needs should be the strategy for Nokia in both emerging and developed market. In the emerging markets where Nokia is already a leader, it should focus on catering to the growing bottom of the pyramid consumer. The biggest advantage that Nokia offers is its reach. It should focus on its complimentary telecom industry trend, specifically in India, telecom players are involved into price war and which gave customer a higher bargaining power to switch. In such case coming up with dual sim phone would cater to the primary need of market. The applications in the phone should be in sync with local leisure such as music, newspaper and such more. Instead charging user for Life tools, revenue generation should be from advertisers. Provide time bound high end test features in low end phone during successive OS updates; this will generate user awareness and need for high end smart phone. On the other hand, in developed markets, Nokia has lost its share to other players. Customer demands smartphones with high quality user interface experience and applications and data security (RIM’s competency), Nokia need to target it. Nokia’s target should be the esteem need of user. Developing an OVI ecosystem with third party app developers, advertisers through more free and few paid applications for users. This will give Nokia a distinct advantage in the market if acted as 1st mover. More investment and development for user data security will generate trust among the users. In the mobile phone industry, the product life cycle is very short. Every year a new product is available on the shelf. Hence responsiveness to the consumer’s need is a must. Nokia failed to do that this with the clamshell model in China. By the time it came out with the product, the trend for clamshell models had faded and Nokia lost out to competition. Key advantages of Nokia a. 3 distinct operating system platforms that can offer the base for wide range of products catering to all user segments. b. Longest and complex supply chain in the world. It has the most efficient sourcing, logistics, manufacturing, and distribution of any company in the world. c. Nokia offers the OVI Store: the second largest app store in the world which is growing 70% per month as per Tero Ojanpera, Nokia’s EVP for the Services. d. With the acquisition of Navteq Corporation, it has a strong presence in the GPS  world and provides a wide range of geographic image support covering almost more than 180+ countries. e. In India. Nokia has a strong hold of rural market with their distribution system handles by HCL Info systems. In Latin America, it has a dedicated team to manage the relationship with America Movil and Telefonica and to co-ordinate sales and services across the region. Choice of activities a. HR policies should be locally controlled by subsidiaries to keep local culture intact. b. Manufacturing should be done on a global scale to utilize cost and resource arbitrage. Core product RD should be centralized with satellite RD in each market to add local flavor to the product. c. Software development centers have to be installed in countries like India or Philippines to utilize local talent and expertise in software development. d. Sales and marketing should be again localized. Country specific distribution channel should be adopted.

Contrast Media Used in Intravenous Urography

Contrast Media Used in Intravenous Urography Introduction Intravenous urogram is also known as intravenous pyelogram. It is a radiology procedure to view the urine system including kidney, bladder and ureter. Intravenous urogram is roughly examination allows the doctor to see structures like the cortex, renal, calyceal, renal pelvis, pyeloureteric junction, bladder and ureteric drainage. Among the problems that can be examined in this way is a bladder infection, kidney infection, bleeding in the urine, tumor, injury to the urinary tract after a severe external injuries, and several other related diseases. To carry out this examination, special materials required for these structures can be seen in the x-ray images. Special materials that are the contrast media. Contrast agent is injected into a vein in the body and it will be distributed throughout the body via the bloodstream, before it is eliminated by the kidneys. Often the contrast agent is injected through the median cubital vein, and images of some of the kidney resulting contrast image synthesis. There are several types of projections used in the trial of IVU. Projections are as full length KUB, KUB on your belly, cross-dim range reduced the renal kidney and upper ureter, oblique to the kidneys, bladder anteroposterior angle of 15 degrees to prevent bladder covered with pubic symphysis and the bladder oblique. Contrast agents can be viewed directly on the kidney immediately after injection and is known as nephrogram. This shows the contrast agent by glomerular filtered before reaching colyceal system. It is important to examine the renal outline, and can detect tumors, cysts or cortical scarring. He also produces initial information about the sign of kidney. After 5 minutes of an injection is given, calyces will be filled with contrast agents, which will then move down the ureter to fill the bladder. Contraindications Contraindications that should be known by the radiographers before any procedure is as renal colic, renal calculi, abdominal pain, abdominal surgery at the latest, after the patient gave birth, and the replacement of the kidney. This contraindication is important to avoid complications that may occur. Patient preparation before during the examination Patients are not allowed to drink a few hours before urogram examination. Patients are also asked to take a laxative to make sure everything is clean from the dirty material. If the patient is taking any medications such as blood pressure medicines, patients can continue taking these drugs unless prohibited by a doctor. If the patient is pregnant, the patient should be told radiographers working. Intravenous urogram was not performed on patients who are pregnant unless certain emergency cases. Patients will be asked to sign a document. This document is carrying all the risks, benefits and all the compilations that can occur. This allows the patient to understand all the procedures of this inspection. If the patient agrees to assume all risks and understand the procedures established, the patient can sign the documents and procedures will be carried out. Precautions before use of contrast media in intravenous urogram The reaction cannot be expected to contrast media, and all patients should be cared for and tidy during the procedure.  Of interest to examine the patient before performing any procedure should not be taken lightly.  This guide will allow the radiographers to carry out the procedure.  Radiographers should know the signs of the various reactions that occur.  There are many steps that must be taken before, during and after the use of intravenous contrast media.  The first, radiographers must know the patients health history.  Secondly, if the patient is a patient who had a high risk, radiographers must use low-osmolar contrast media. Among patients with high risk of the asthma, epilepsy, diabetes, and others.  Next, batch number and expiry date should be examined in contrast media.  In addition, radiographers must ensure that the contrast agents in body temperature.  Radiographers should also check whether or not the package has disterile.  Prior to this contrast media marginal, they should know the correct procedures, checking emergency equipment and know how to use these tools, and check the appropriate volume of contrast, the dose and the correct procedures. Intravenous urogram procedure Urografi intravenous test was initiated by asking the patient to remove clothing and wear a hospital gown provided.  Patients are also asked to remove all jewelry that was found in patients.  Then the patient will undergo blood tests to check whether the patients kidney function is good or not. After that, the patient will be laid on stretchers or x-ray table.  Then, the radiographers will take an x-ray images before contrast medium injection.  Injection of contrast media on the patient through an intravenous.  An intravenous cannula (IV) is inserted through a vein in the patients arm or hand.  Then, the contrast medium injected. X-rays are taken at the times specified.  Several sequences of the film will be done according to the test.  X-ray frequencies depends on the patients kidneys to menurus contrast media.  Normally, the kidneys would normally filter the contrast medium within 5 to 10 minutes.  Pesalit should remain a rest between each x-ray is taken.  Another imaging technique will be used in conjunction with intravenous urogram called kidney tomogram.  This is the imaging pictures of patient kidney in the slice condition. Nurses will assist the radiographers to check the patients pulse, respiration and blood pressure continuously.  Before the last x-ray is taken, the patient will be asked to empty their bladder.  This is to see patients when the bladder is empty. Intravenous urogram procedures completed when all the tracks clearly show the urine pictures x-ray.  The entire procedure takes about one hour. Procedure during injection During injection, radiographers must know where the Radiologist or a doctor may be contacted.  In addition, radiographers must constantly monitor the respiration rate, blood pressure, color and level of patient awareness. Procedure after the injection Radiographers should remain with the patient not less than 15 minutes.  when the inspection was made, check whether pesalit can return home safely or not.  do not allow patients to return if there are any complications. Film sequence Intravenous urogram test is one test that will need to use a lot of film.  This is because the procedure performed and requires much more structure posisisi patients body to be x-ray.  Preliminary film is the first film to be taken to the test.  Preliminary film using a film of size 14 x 17 inches (43 x 35 cm).  The film will be placed under the patient.  the patient would lie with the projection AP abdomen to include the symphysis pubis and diafgram border.  This is to check the patients abdomen was doing inventory and to disclose any case of calcifications of the renal tract.  X-ray beam was centered in the middle of the level of iliac crest.  Additional X-ray taken to determine any akkan opacities present in the patients body.  35 degrees posterior to the renal area.  Preliminary objective was to examine the patients colon and bowel preparation to see patients.  It also seeks to identify the renal position to determine the exposure factors.  It is also to l ook at problems in kidney patients. Then radiographers will take x-ray film, called immediate.  The film will be taken immediately after injection of contrast media.  Film size 10 x 17 inches (24 x 30 cm) was used to film this immediate.  X-ray beam centered between the lower costal margin and xiphisternum.  Patients will be in a state of AP in the area to see renal patients kidneys when contrast is injected.  It aims to show nefrogram, renal parenchyma is opacified by contrast medium in patients with renal tubules.  The aim is to show the film immediate renal parenchyma to show neofrogram phase.  It is also to examine the size of kidney patients will be expanded from the original size after injection of contrast. After 5 minutes of contrast media injected in patients, radiographers will take an x-ray.X-ray called a 5 minute film.  Size of film measuring 14 x 17 inches (35 x 43 cm) used for this film.  Patients in the supine AP and AP projeksinya for renal area.  After 5 minutes of completion of the injection of contrast medium to patients, taking X-rays done full KUB shows the urinary system.  Taking pictures of x-ray taken at this time to determine the patients bowel movement is symmetrical and does not need to modify the technique for assessing needs.  For example, another contrast medium should be injected when the kidney is less opacification.  The purpose of a 5 minute film is to compare the flow of contrast agent by the two sides of kidney patients.  It is also to see the patients pelvis system.  5 minute film is also to examine the excretion of symmetry in both kidneys. After that, the film is taken 15 minutes.  This film is so named because the x-ray is taken after 15 minutes the patient is injected with contrast media.  Film size 10 x 12 inches (24 x 30 cm) used for this film.  Taking x-ray done 15 minutes after injection (10 minutes after the film 5 minutes).  The aim is to see the renal calyx system more clearly, the pressure is on this film series with kolimasi exposure on renal kawaswan.  Use of pressure rings are not needed when the patient shows any indication of renal calculi and in patients after surgery.  This is to avoid injury to the renal patient.  Perform head-down position when the pressure rings are not used. Then, release film taken after the 15-minute film.  Size of film measuring 14 x 17 inches (43 x 35 cm) used for this film.  Taking x-ray done after opening the pressure ring or for patients who do not use the pressure ring, the patient should be changed from the head down position to a reclining position.  The entire urinary system and bladder area should look at this film series. The last film was taken in a test called the film post void / micturate.  Size of film measuring 14 x 17 inches (43 x 35 cm) used for this film.  Taking x-ray performed after the patients bowel to empty the urinary bladder.  The purpose of the film post void / micturate was to assess the patients residual urine after urination.  It is also to see the ability to clear the patients ureter bladder.  It also showed no bladder problems such as tumors and divertikulum. Risk of Intravenous urogram examination Intravenous urogram is always carried out without any risks or problems.  This examination is a safe examination.  However, to ensure that all the conditions are really safe and to avoid any complications, patients should be caring and always sensitive to side effects.  The patient is exposed to radiation.  Rate of radiation received by patients was similar to the radiation received by all the environment for 14 months. If the patient is pregnant, this examination cannot be done.  This is because the fear of radiation can have adverse side effects on the content.  There are also some potential side effects experienced by patients after the inspection but it is very poor.  If there are any side effects, patients may feel hot or itchy and uncomfortable in the mouth after receiving an injection of contrast media.  It only felt by the patient for a few minutes. Patient care Care for patients after intravenous urogram examination is essential.  This is due to revive a patient of any effects after the test.  Radiographers should ensure that patients in stable condition.  Slowly open the needle and clean the place involved.  Give an explanation to the patient for follow-up care after testing is completed.  Ask patients to change their clothes after the completion of the test.  Radiographers should also advise patients to drink sufficient water to remove the contrast media from the patients body. Complication Complications may occur during or after the inspection.  Allergic reaction or allergy to contrast media is a major risk even kidney damage could be one of the complications.  If the patient has allergies to iodine, contrast material, has a problem hives, difficulty breathing, the patient should immediately notify the radiographers.  Detailed information and the patients medical history should be known in order to avoid any complications that may occur. CONTRAST MEDIA Introduction Clinical diagnostic radiology has been developed not only in terms of equipment and techniques used, but the contrast media allows visual structure and internal organs can be seen in more detail.  A dose of contrast media used in x-ray usually contains 2000 times as much iodine content of iodine in the body.  However, iodine contained in the contrast media will be removed in a natural system immediately.  Generally no side effects occur.  Selection of contrast media has always been a problem, but actually it depends on the radiologist itself.  To make rational decisions about the choice of contrast media have a high understanding of the principles of physical and physiological needed. Why contras media is necessary? The level of attenuation of all the patients affected by the atomic number of factors involved.  If there is such a large density difference between the heart muscle and the air in the lungs, the lines of the structure can be seen on radiographs as a natural contrast exists.  Similarly, if there are differences in the number of atoms between two tissues like muscle and bone.  Muscles consist of low atomic number instead of bone consists of calcium and has a high atomic number of lebiih.  Line structure can be seen because of the natural contrast.  But if the two organs that have the density and atomic number is not much difference, it is not possible to distinguish the structure of the organ in the radiograph because the contrast does not exist naturally. So, no way we could see the blood vessels in an organ or internal structure of the kidneys without the use of other substances or change the contrast.  Two important factors can be changed is the density and atomic number of an organ structure.  Number of atomic structure is hollow as the blood vessels can be added or promoted by filling the liquid has a higher atomic number such as iodine contained in the contrast media. Type of contrast media There are several types of contrast media used.  Contrast media can be differentiated based on the modality used.  Although there are various types of contrast media, the type often used is based on its x-ray attenuation and magnetic resonance signals.Contrast media can be divided into two positive contrast media and contrast media is negative.  Contrast material is used to enhance x-ray attenuation.  Positive contrast media materials give the white in the image. While the media are negative contrast material was used to portray the image black.Gadolinium is used in magnetic resonance signal as MRI contrast agents.  Gadolinium enhance the quality of MRI scans.  There are two types of positive contrast material is used in an x-ray of barium and iodine.  There are many types of existing iodine contrast media with different viscosities, osmolariti and iodine content. a) Non-iodine contrast media Medium contrast material is a white powder that was insoluble.  The powder is mixed with water and a few other extra components to make a mixture of contrast material. This material is generally only used in the digestive tract.  Normally this type of contrast medium ingested or given by enema.  Upon examination, this material will be removed from the body with dirty materials.  Non-iodine dimer is the best choice for a low toxic content.  However, non-iodine dimer has a higher price. b) Iodine contrast media Materials iodine contrast media is soluble in water and is not harmful to the body.Contrast materials are widely sold as a solution of clear, colorless liquid.  Concentrations are usually expressed in mg / ml.  Iodine contrast material is used almost in every human body.  Iodine contrast media is divided into three.  Contrast media containing iodine oil, iodine contrast media and water-soluble contrast media are not water soluble. Microbubbles were a contrast agent used to help sonographic echocardiogram.  These bubbles of nitrogen and supported by proteins, lipids or polymers.  Decrease in density between gas and liquid surrounding the bubble and will reflect back ultrasound.  This process causes the resulting image can be seen clearly. Effect of contrast media Contrast media are safe to use, but some health problems associated with some of the contrast media.  Reactions vary about the danger of death, with approximately 0.9 deaths per 100 000 cases.  These factors are invited to this dangerous reactions, including a strong allergy, asthma and heart disease bronchiol.  There are many misconceptions that exist among the professionals is the contrast between the media associated with allergic reactions to seafood because they both have the iodine content in it. However, few studies have been made and indicated that while iodine is a substance often used in contrast media, but it was not the cause of the allergy but it is better for patients with a history of other allergies.  However, there are also some patients reactions to contrast media.  Examples of such reactions are nausea or vomiting, feeling hot all over the body, while itching, sneezing, sometimes shortness of breath and hypotension.  Actual reactions depending on the patients own resistance. Way of contrast media given 1) Through Oral Contrast media is given by mouth by drinking or swallowing of contrast media.  Normally it is barium sulfate.  Giving oral contrast media will affect where the stomach will look white on x-ray film.  Contrast media containing barium sulfate is not harmful.  Barium sulfate is excreted out in a day or two days.  In all cases, the use of contrast media is not advised for pregnant women because of lack of conclusive evidence about how safe contrast media in pregnancy.  However, if this type of examination can save lives, the risks should be weighed again on a case-by-case. 2) Through Anal (small intestine and large intestine) Contrast media through the rectum or anal granted. Contrast media is inserted into the rectum with the help of rectal catheter. Rectal contrast media through which this will affect the large intestine will look white on x-ray film. In this way, the various organs or structures can be viewed and studied. 3) Through intravascular Contrast media is given by intravascular injection. Often, the material used is iodine-based contrast media. Most patients can be detained and given an injection of contrast media quickly removed from the body without adverse side effects. Iodine-based contrast media caused a warm feeling when injected. Sometimes patients may feel sick after receiving the injections. Therefore, patients are always advised not to take any food before any radiological examinations requiring contrast media. Rarely, iodine-based contrast media may cause an allergic reaction. Gadolinium contrast media are also given in the form of magnetic resonance imaging during the injection. Contrast medium is working to enable the organs that have good blood supply appears white on the MRI images. Selection of contrast media Radiologist choose the type of contrast media based on experience and knowledge. They choose the type of contrast media depends on the patients condition. To make decisions, various factors including clinical factors and financial factors are also considered to assist in making a selection. Royal College of Radiologist provide some guidance. Among the patients who are at high risk of reaction. Among them are children, the elderly, diabetics, patients suffering from asthma, and patients with allergies. In this group, 25% of patients were recommended for the test. How the contrast media used There are a number of radiological examinations using contrast media. Volume, different types of contrast media for each patient depending on the type of inspection and the need Radiologist. Angiography Angiography is the examination carried out to examine the blood vessels. Selection of arteriography and venography depending on what type of blood vessels to be inspected. Either vein or artery. Arteriography For arteriography, the contrast media through the catheter used in the arteries. Blood flow will lead to the loss of contrast media. With this, the image of the artery can be seen in organs or in other parts division. Venography For venography, contrast medium injected into the vein and vein travel throughout the body can be seen. The greater the size and number of veins in the body, the more positions that need to be made by radiographers to obtain images of veins throughout the body. Normally venography performed to confirm the patient has deep vein thrombosis. In the leg, venography was also performed on the organs in the body by inserting the contrast medium into the organ via the venous catheter. Intravenous urography (IVU) Intravenous urography is a check for a urinary tract. When an intravenous injected, most of the contrast media to be secreted by the kidneys. This inspection is performed to check whether there is any kidney stones or other kidney problems. Computer tomography (ICT) An electronic, ICT has a better contrast sensitivity. But it cannot create a contrast which does not exist naturally. A total of 43% of CT procedures using contrast media. CT is widely used in the body but are often used for examination of neurons as the brain and spinal cord. It is also used for examining the chest, abdomen, and pelvis. It is also useful for examining the tumor. Myelography Spinal cord and major nerves can not be displayed by x-ray without the use of contrast media. Spinal cord and other nerves can be displayed using MRI. Images can be produced if the contrast medium injected into the cerebrospinal fluid surrounding the spinal cord. Contrast media have been created specifically for this examination. The majority of myelography made to examine the lumbar to confirm any clinical problems such as intervertebral disc out of the home. However, CT and MRI now has replaced myelography as the research lumbar. Myelography with CT scan was used to investigate spinal cord and cervical areas. Inspection of other There are several other examinations in which contrast media are needed. As an example of the contrast medium is introduced to the structure of such joints to study the anatomy and pathology. Iodine containing contrast media when given orally, it can be used to examine organs such as the small intestines. Responsibilities of radiographers Radiographers should be sensitive to the needs of patients are willing to help and should have a responsible attitude. Always willing to help the state to face and deal with an emergency procedure, especially when contrast media. Clearly and accurately describes the procedure of contrast media using language easily understood by patients. Cooperation of the two parties to produce a successful procedure. Conclusion In conclusion, much needed in the media kontas produces images that are clearer and brighter because it has the properties of radio-opect less penetrated by x-ray. It will also be a dangerous to the patient if the radiographers to take it easy patient safety.

Essay --

What is Schizophrenia? Schizophrenia is brain disorder that makes it hard to see the difference between reality and imagination, have normal emotional responses, and act normal in social situations. Schizophrenia is relatively young, it has only been around for less than 100 years. It was first discovered by Dr. Emile Kraeplin in 1887. He believed it was a mental illness. A few documents take Schizophrenia’s origins back to Egypt during the Pharaoh’s rule around 1550 B.C. People originally thought schizophrenia was simply madness, and usually associated it with madness, even though it is quite different from madness. Symptoms of this disease include Positive symptoms, which are: hallucinations, or things that someone can see, feel, smell, or hear that do not really exist. Many people hear voices inside their heads, see people that are not there, or smell odors no one else smells. Delusions are another symptom, also known as bizarre beliefs, these may include paranoid de lusions also, which are delusions that tell the person that others are trying to hurt them. Thought Disorders are a symptom in which the person thinks unusually or dysfunctionally. Movement disorders may be present in schizophrenic people, they may seem like twitches or small, sharp, and sudden movements. Schizophrenia’s â€Å"negative symptoms† are harder to recognize. These include the flat affect, in which the persons face doesn’t move and the voice is droning. The lack of pleasure in life is another once, along with the lack of ability to start and sustain activities, and little speech. These symptoms prevent or block the person from living a normal life because they cause social, physical, and emotional, and mental problems. This may lead to psychosis, insanity, or ... ...ients that suffer severe symptoms. The most common treatment is a combination of medicine and therapy. Where the patient engages in individual psychotherapy with a therapist, rehabilitation, family education, or self help groups. These therapies usually help people cope with schizophrenia and its effects. At this time there is no cure for schizophrenia, there are very effective treatments and medications. Research is being conducted to help scientists understand the disorder better and is being used to try to treat schizophrenia permanently. The only way this is possible is with the use of new treatments, such as new experimental drugs and electrotherapy. No treatments today are preventative nor do they permanently â€Å"cure† schizophrenia, but we can look to the bright future for the development of a new treatment option that could potentially fully cure schizophrenia.

Prostitution Should be Legalized :: Argumentative Persuasive Prostitutes Essays

Prostitution Should be Legalized Prostitution is known as the oldest profession in the world, however, many states in the U.S. outlaw it. The textbook definition of prostitution is the "act or practice of engaging in sexual acts for money" ("Prostitution," Macmillan 805). Nevada is the first in the United States to legalize prostitution. Although the long term effects of legalized prostitution is uncertain, the short term effects have been economically beneficial. Prostitution should be legalized because not only could it financially benefit the country, but it could also reduce crime. There are many reasons why prostitution is illegal in 49 U.S. states today. First, and foremost, many people feel that prostitution should stay illegal in order to preserve morality. Parents do not want their children to grow up thinking that prostitution is acceptable. Worse yet, parents do not want to hear their children say, "When I grow up, I want to be a prostitute." Christianity also looks down upon prostitution because according to their beliefs, the act of sex is only to be done when a man and a women are in love and married. Monogamy is to be practiced in the marriage, and any violation of this is considered a sin. Another reason why the preservation of morality is so important is that people's morals shape the future of a nation. Many people feel that if prostitution is legalized, then its long term effects would be detrimental to the United States. The divorce rate in the United States peaked at an all time high in 1980 ("Marriage" 56). By the legalization of prostitution, this would allow room for husbands and wives to commit adultery. Thus, leading the marriage to a divorce. "The divorce rate has really increased over the centuries. In the U.S. today, the divorce rate is fifty percent of the U.S." (Holland 86). Second, prostitution is a great health risk to the U.S. because of the spread of sexually transmitted diseases (STDs). A major concern about STDs is the spread of AIDS, which is currently a deadly STD because a cure has not been found for the disease. The transmission of STDs is already on the rise due to many uneducated teenagers having unprotected sex. In addition, most of theses teens are not going to a physician to be screened for STDs. Because of this, many curable STDs are going untreated and being spread throughout a community.

Comparing Retribution in Achebe’s Things Fall Apart and Roy’s The God O

Comparing Retribution in Achebe’s Things Fall Apart and Roy’s The God Of Small Things A close look at two novels, Things Fall Apart, and The God Of Small Things, reveals examples of how their authors illustrate that fate supplies retribution for wrongs done. In Chinua Achebe’s novel Things Fall Apart, there are three linked instances of this type of retribution. First, Ikemefuna details an innocent young man who is unknowingly punished for the crime of another person. Second, Okonkwo is exiled from his village for an accidental crime. Achebe suggests that this is more than coincidence, that this is repayment for his intentional murder of the boy who called him â€Å"father.† Finally, it is suggested that this punishment is also a consequence of his excessive pride. Without Okonkwo’s fear of weakness, he could have avoided killing the innocent Ikemefuna. In a completely different continent and time period, Arundhati Roy’s novel The God Of Small Things expresses very similar occurrences of retribution. In Roy’s novel, three pe ople’s lives are altered for the worse because of their involvement in two deaths. Ammu makes selfish and hasty decisions that end up coming back to haunt both her and her children. This in turn influences her children to make similar decisions, which prolong the cycle of punishment in their lives. The first instance of fated punishment we find in Achebe’s novel, Things Fall Apart, is in the death of a teenage boy, Ikemefuna. In this particular example, the burden of the crime is not borne by the guilty party. Ikemefuna, innocent of any crime himself, is forced from his village as payment for the crime of a member of his Mbaino community. More specifically, Ikemefuna’s father was involved i... ...ish. After all, they are set on different continents, and in different time periods. However it is clear that Things Fall Apart, by Chinua Achebe, and The God of Small Things, by Arundhati Roy in truth, share a great deal of common ground. On multiple occasions in each novel, characters experience a grave twist of fate that can be attributed to the selfish actions of themselves or someone close to them. This explains why the most interesting similarity these two novels share is the underlying tension, and tone of fated retribution that is detailed above.   Ã‚   Works Cited 1. Achebe, Chinua. Things Fall Apart. The Norton Anthology of English Literature: The Twentieth Century. Ed. M. H. Abrams. W. W. Norton &Co. Inc.: New York, 2000. 2617-2706.    2. Roy, Arundhati. The God Of Small Things. HarperCollins Publishers Inc.: New York, 1997.

A Personal Theory of Counseling: The Holmes Approach Essay

Perhaps nothing is as significant to the success of the therapeutic process and nothing represents the foundation of successful therapy more than one’s personal theory of counseling. All individuals in all aspects of life work from some belief system, perspective, or model of how the world works, how things are, and how things interact. Developing a deep understanding of one’s own personal theory leads to better decision-making with respect to the therapeutic process, including therapist approach and client interaction. Such an understanding also promotes a greater ability to intervene more effectively with clients whose values are in contrast to one’s own. Being aware of one’s own personal theory of the world and, subsequently, one’s view of counseling, also helps the therapist identify individual strengths and areas for improvement. The personal orientation of the therapist is a sum total of many influences such as interests, self-awareness, experience, values, and compassion for others, among many other things. Such influences have a direct impact on one’s personal theory of counseling. For instance, my Christian upbringing, experiences, and beliefs have a significant impact on my personal view of the world and others and, therefore, also on my theory of counseling. My religious beliefs and values coincide with some therapeutic approaches and not others. As clients will be most happy when the therapeutic approach is most in alignment with their own personal values, so the therapist will fill most rewarded and happiest approaching the therapeutic process from a foundation that is congruent with their own personal values. The same is true for one’s personal skills and temperament. The process of developing a personal theory of counseling is a bit like shopping for the best fitting clothes. One may find a suit jacket that fits best in an upscale designer clothing store, a shirt that fits best in a retail chain store, a pair of slacks that fit best in a seconds outlet, and a pair of shoes that fit best from a catalogue store. Likewise, one’s personal theory of counseling that fits best is often a synthesis of several different approaches. Despite finding such a fit, the therapist must remain aware of the fact that all theories work with some clients while no theory works with all clients. Such self-awareness enables the therapist to affirm that theories of counseling offer only a partial understanding of human behavior, thinking, growth, and healing and not a definitive or total one. For these reasons, a synthesis of different counseling theories offers a more effective approach. Yet despite such a synthesis or individual theory of counseling, the therapist is charged with the task of continuous, ongoing learning with respect to understanding and working with people. A comprehensive personal theory must deal with the truth that is at the base of the problem. This can be achieved by taking into account various components such as personality structure, motivation, human development, individual differences, health, illness, techniques, effectiveness and the biblical worldview which are all parts of a comprehensive counseling theory (Hawkins, 2006d). To be effective biblical counselors we must have the attitude of Crabb when he stated, â€Å"My overriding goal must be in every circumstance to respond biblically, to put the Lord first, to live in subjection to the father’s will as Christ did (Crabb, 1988, p. 20). † Counselors that get results take into consideration the whole person (e. g. mind, body, soul). Unlike secular counselors, the effective biblical counselor understands that if the counselee encounters a problem we must go back to the manufacturer, which is God who is the answer to the problem. My personal theory of counseling is, indeed, a synthesis of different influences and therapeutic approaches. Of these influence s and theories, the following are the foundation of my personal theory of counseling: Christianity, particularly the examples of the life of Jesus Christ and person-centered theory. For ease of use and future development purposes, I have labeled my personal theory of counseling the Holmes approach. Influences from various approaches form my worldview on people, behavior, thinking, growth, and healing. Within the Holmes approach to counseling, I find a form of modeling, interaction with others, and creation of an environment that most promotes growth and healing. In considering the development of a personal philosophy, several key areas are considered. First, a personal theory includes assumptions about human nature. Second, a theory addresses key concepts including personality development, learning theory, an explanation of health versus ill health, and the roles of behavior, cognition, and affect, among others. Third, therapeutic goals and objectives are considered. Fourth, a personal theory elucidates the therapeutic process which defines the role and function of the counselor, the therapeutic relationship, and the client’s experience. Finally, primary techniques and procedures are identified that are used to facilitate change. The following is an initial, sophomoric sense of my own developing personal theory. Assumptions About Human Nature The main component of my personal theory of counseling is the person-centered approach developed by Carl Rogers. This approach will be my main one for interaction with clients. The reason for person-centered theory driving my therapeutic approach is because its outlook or worldview toward individual function and interaction is most congruent with my own beliefs and values. Person-centered therapy is a humanistic therapy that focuses on individual existence and change (Corey, 2009; Leijssen, 2008; Stiles, Barkham, Mellor-Clark, & Connell, 2008; Wilkins & Gill, 2003; Ziegler, 2002). The principles of Carl Rogers’ work are founded on respect for others, demonstrated by treating everyone with empathy, honesty and giving them unconditional acceptance (Corey, 2009). Person-centered therapy makes the assumption that individuals have the natural or innate power to heal themselves (Corey, 2009). The person-centered or client-centered approach to therapy posits a client-therapist relationship geared toward encouraging these intrinsic healing abilities (Stiles et al. , 2008; Wilkins & Gill, 2003). The view that each individual has within him or her ability to grow and heal is congruent with my Christian belief that within our self is our power of strength through Christ. As 1 Chronicles 20: 10 expresses, â€Å"Wealth and honor come from you; you are the ruler of all things. In your hands are strength and power,† (NKJV). Through the reading Dr. Ronald Hawkins’ model for guiding the counseling process poses that man should be viewed as a set of five concentric circles (Hawkins, 2006). The first circle is the human spirit which portrays God but is inevitably sinful. The second circle is the soul, where the person’s feelings, thoughts, will, and conscience are included. The third is the person’s physical body. Lastly, he adds two more circles to demonstrate components or elements of influence affecting persons. One is labeled as temporal systems such as education, economy, government, society, church, friends, and family. The other is labeled as supernatural systems, mainly God, Satan, good angels, and fallen angels. Hawkins’ model focuses in on the actions of the individual. Key Concepts Genuineness, unconditional positive regard, and empathetic understanding are the main components of the stance modeled by the therapist toward the client in person-centered therapy (Leijssen, 2008). Rogers argued that these three elements in and of themselves are sufficient for promoting change and fuller functioning in clients. A main goal of the person-centered approach is to assist clients through exhibition of these aspects in coming to a fuller acceptance of self-worth (Corey, 2009; Wilkins & Gill, 2003; Ziegler, 2002). Unconditional positive regard and acceptance from the therapist promotes greater self-awareness and self-acceptance in clients (Corey, 2009). Therapy is the means by which clients will remove the personal barriers that constrain and restrict the natural power of self-growth and healing. The inherent worth of the individual forms the basis of the main ideas behind person-centered therapy, as well as Christianity (Adams, 2009; Leijssen, 2008; Reinert, Edwards, & Hendrix, 2009). The goal of accepting Christ into one’s life is similar to the goal of therapy in the person-centered approach; the need of the client for self-acceptance (Leijssen, 2008). As the goal of accepting Christ equates to being saved, a condition of worthiness, so the person-centered therapist is charged with the goal of seeking, in a non-directive manner, to assist the client in confronting feelings and beliefs that prevent the client from achieving congruence between such feelings and beliefs and self-image (Adams, 2009; Leijssen, 2008; Reinert et al. , 2009). The scripture tells us in Romans 15:1-3, â€Å"We then who are strong ought to bear with the scruples of the weak, and not to please ourselves. Let each of us please his neighbor for his good, leading to edification. For even Christ did not please Himself; but as it is written, ‘The reproaches of those who reproached You fell on Me’,† (NKJV). Our Lord and Savior wants our lives to be edified through one another. Holmes therapy, as with person-centered therapy, will enable those in the helping profession to care for our brothers and sisters in love, not by judging or trying to solve their problems, but by just being there to help carry the load and enable them to live much more freely. As with Jay Adams (1986), in this system the true goal of Christian counseling is sanctification through the power of the Holy Spirit. The change for which Christian counselors strive has a spiritual direction and their aim is to help people prosper in the right direction. All change toward God is good, and all change away from God is bad. Sanctification, change toward God is the goal of all Christian counseling,† (Adams, 1986, p. xiii). The fundamental goal of Holmes therapy is not necessar ily symptom relief. Rather, the therapy involves identifying and exploring mistaken goals and ineffective beliefs and values so that the client can make choices that are more congruent with their true self. In exploring these issues, the client will gain a more meaningful sense of who they are and come to accept that they have the freedom to control their life, but with that freedom comes the responsibility of the choices that they make. By accepting this responsibility, the client will be able to develop a more accurate identity which gives greater meaningfulness to their life and develop the tools to identify and fulfill their needs defined by this ‘new, developing’ self. Therapeutic change occurs for the client in stages as they become more and more independent from the therapist. The healed client will be one who lives without the guise of pretense and who can accurately perceive his or her needs, opportunities, and self-worth in the external environment. As individuals can actualize their innate potentiality through a relationship with Christ, the Holmes therapist assists the client in recognizing their innate potentiality. Growth, healing, and enrichment of life are all possible due to this innate ability. The golden rule of Christian faith is to do unto others as you would have others do unto you. Such interaction in person-centered therapy stems from the creation of an environment of unconditional positive regard. As one must willingly come to Christ to receive the benefits of such a life, the functions and role of the therapist in person-centered therapy is non-directive (Leijssen, 2008). The therapist does not provide answers or interpret what the client says or probe for unconscious conflicts or even direct the client toward specific topics. Instead, the therapist provides a â€Å"safe† and â€Å"unchallenging† environment of empathetic listening and unconditional positive regard in which the client feels comfortable self-disclosing feelings, beliefs, and attitudes (Leijssen, 2008). The therapist then restates or reframes the words of the client. The role for the client is to challenge his or her own feelings, especially those that are negative and undermine self-worth, and to be self-revealing. When fusing Christianity, person-centered therapy, and behavior therapy in the Holmes approach the function of the counselor is to serve as an informed guide, but non-judgmental through the client’s process of change. In order to do this, the counselor needs to assess where the client is right now. There is little need to dwell on where the client has been other than when assessing how previous patterns of thoughts and behaviors have affected their current state (Corey, 2009). The counselor helps the client understand their approach to life and how maladaptive strategies and choices have affected their ability to meet their needs and feel happy (Corey, 2009; Terjesen, Salhany, & Scuiotto, 2009; Zeigler, 2002). Moreover, the counselor helps the client see their role in creating their misery and helps the client â€Å"own up to† their current state. This facilitates taking responsibility for one’s current existence and sets the stage for the client in accepting personal responsibility for their change process. To support this, the counselor helps instill a greater sense of hope and points of positive qualities of the client that can or already are contributing to their growth. Taken from the person-centered and behavior therapies, in the Holmes approach the client’s role in therapy is that of a learner in the sense that they will gain awareness and insight into how they operate, their self defeating beliefs and erroneous attributions, and how poor choices have affected their ability to fulfill needs and desires (Corey, 2009; Terjesen et al. , 2009; Zeigler, 2002). The client develops the willingness (or courage) to attempt change when they realize the responsibility they have in giving their life meaning, abandoning ineffective beliefs/attitudes, and making choices that lead to need/want fulfillment. In essence, the client comes to an understanding that they are the only one that can ‘solve’ their problems. I believe the therapeutic relationship is the catalyst that permits the client to accept their role in the change process. In accordance with the Rogerian view (Raskin, Rogers, & Witty, 2008) it is vital that the counselor and client operate as collaborative equals, despite any desire by the client for therapeutic directives (Corey, 2009; Terjesen, Salhany, & Scuiotto, 2009; Zeigler, 2002). In this relationship the counselor’s most important contribution is genuineness. Such authenticity allows the counselor to interact with the client in a congruent way and be ‘real’ with the client. Unconditional positive regard and acceptance as well as empathetic understanding are also part of the relationship. These aspects of the relationship allow the client to experience their interaction with the counselor as genuine and foster trust and self acceptance. These attributes help the client see themselves in a more positive light and encourage the client to take risks necessary for change.