Aluminum smelter in South Africa Essay Example for Free

Aluminum smelter in South Africa Essay We recommend you do not build this new Greenfield primary aluminum smelter in South Africa. In order to achieve a 15% ROI on your investment, you require a long-term average price of $1500 for aluminum. We have estimated that demand for primary aluminum in 5 years will be at $20bn, which will support a market price of around $1490. This heavily builds on the assumption that aluminum inventories will be zero by that time, which depends on a successful implementation of the international Memorandum of Understanding. Historically these non-binding agreements have been very hard to enforce, and so a scenario where supply is far greater than demand is likely, leading to large inventories and lower prices. It is because of this uncertainty that we recommend you do not build the plant. Back-up calculations: 1.ROI calculation: Given investment costs of $1.6bn, full capacity of 466,000 t/year and an ROI requirement of 15%, we calculated that you require a price of $1,500 per ton of aluminum. 2.In the short run, all smelters need to cover variable costs, which include electricity, alumina, other material costs and freight cost. In the long-run, they need to cover total costs. a.The current price ($1,100) covers variable costs for 20 million tons of capacity; the long-run price will have to be higher. b.Smelters may hesitate to scale down production of individual pots, as this will still incur costs of labour or other non-material costs, as well as additional costs in having to rebuild and reline the pots. c.Not all producers are subject to the same pressures, e.g., variable costs differ significantly between different smelters (different size, efficiency, tax breaks, power agreements). Government-run facilities may have more financial support due to their social role in addition to pure production, such as securing raw materials supply for domestic industries, as well as providing jobs for local communities. 3.Given a CAGR of 2% per year, we estimate total aluminum demand to be 27 million tons in 1998. Assuming that inventories are zero, and primary demand accounts for 74% of total supply, this would imply primary demand of 20 million tons. 4.To produce 20 million tons, the price would be around $1,490 per ton. 5.The reduction in inventories and stabilization of the price level depends on the success of the MoU. Other producers may not look favorably on you opening a new smelter when they have had to cut down on production.

Lung Cancer Essays -- A Level Essays

Lung Cancer Lung cancer is the number one killer of cancers of both men and women here in the United States. It accounts for 28% of the death rates due to cancer. In 1999, it is estimated that 1,221,800 new cases of cancer are expected to occur and out of these 171,600 are to be cases of lung cancer. (Meyer 1990) If lung cancer is the number one killer in the United States, one must wonder how it affects other countries around the world. One will find that the United States does not even have the worse statistics of death from lung cancer. Scotland, England, and Finland are the top three, then is the United States in the middle and below us are: Canada, Australia, El Salvador, and Syrian Arab countries. Lung cancer is more commonly found in developed countries, because years ago, the upper class smoked cigarettes or cigars. The nicotine addiction had lasted through the years and spread to middle and lower class; but in Third World countries, they did not have to worry about this factor. They did not have the extra money to spend on killing themselves; they were just worried about surviving and so this addiction never started. (Meyer 1990) Here in the United States lung cancer is not found in one specific region. Highly polluted areas have more of a risk of housing those with lung cancer because they contain diesel and fossil fuels, which is known to attribute to lung cancer. Mining Caves, can also be a founding place for cancer because they contain radon, another agent in causing lung cancer. It has also been proven that those who work with asbestos have a greater risk of developing lung cancer. And of course anyone who smokes is at a higher risk of lung cancer than non-smokers are. (... ...re also needs to be more clinical research on lung cancer. Without research, we are never going to find a cure or other ways to treat this disease. Another way to close this gap is for insurance companies not to have the right to deny insurance to applicants due to past or present history. That is discrimination and I do not feel that the government is watching this very closely. So in order for a person to receive proper treatment, the government has to make sure that the insurance agencies are not discriminating. Lung cancer takes a substantial number of lives every year. The lives that it takes belong to families and friends. We can help in making lung cancer more public ourselves. We can get involved with cancer research and volunteer or time. We cannot just leave it up to the government and clinical researchers; it is up to us too!

Culture Discrimination in School Essay

Magdoline Asfahani.’s â€Å"Time to Look and Listen â€Å" is a descriptive essay in wich Magdoline explains how she expirience Culture discrimination in school and try to balance her identity in ways that honored her parents cultures while embracing American-born values. Magdoline states that , is painful and hard to keep emotions under control , her anger , resentment , pain can breack though and overwhelm what she try to portray in a cool, rational manner . Magdoline explains how she deal with discrimination in her school because of her culture . In the essay , Magdoline expands the reasons of been discrimanate because of her ethnicity , race and for be an immigrant at school. First , Magdoline describes ethnicity as culture discriminatio in school . She explains that as a younh child immigrant raised with a conscious respect for America that many people take for granted. . She further explains that discrimination is not unique to America because it occurs in any country that allows immingration . Magdoline clearly states that â€Å"Anyone who is unlike the majority is looked at the a little suspiciously , dealt with a little differently. â€Å"(68). She affirms that everything change for her U.S Marine barracks in Beirut had been bombed, at school her classmates ataunt her with cruel names , attacking her heritage and religion . She said that after a while she try to forget her ethnicity because her classmates told her that she came from an uncivilixed , brutal place .Magdoline did feel like to murderers. Second , In the essay Magdoline expands on the reasons that race is a culture discrimination in school . She affirms that beacuse of her race she stopped inviting friends over dinner , because she thought the food was weird. She said that it is humiliate for her to let her friend know where her parents come from because of their accents . Magdoline further explains that she felt exclude and began to turn into someone without a past. She states that â€Å"Why should an adolecent be asked questions like is it true you hate jews and you want to destroyed? â€Å"(69). She explain that her parents never said anything even alluding to such snetiments . Third , Magdoline iliminates that to be an immigrant is a reason for be discriminate in school . Sje explains that while she was at shool one teache bulling her when she told the proferor that she is goimh to the Meddle East . Magno states that â€Å" who knew nothing abouth Arabs and Muslim except what they saw on television seemed like a bad dream â€Å" ( 69). She affirms that she realize now that she come from a culture that has a rich history . In conclusion ,Magnoline explaind that culture discrimination in school still but it needs to be done , not for sake any particulare ethnic or cultural groups but for sake of our country .She enlightens the education is hey to undestand an as Americans we need to take a time to look and listen carefully to what is aroud us and not rush to judgment without knowing the fact .Magnoline affirms that expirience Culture discrimination in school is because we have differnet ethnicity, race or for been an immigrant but discrimination is not unique to America because it occurs in any country that allows immingration.

Beowulf is an Epic Hero Essay - 957 Words

A true hero does not fear death or, but instead risks all that he is for what he believes to be right, moral, and just. Beowulf is an epic and tells the story of a legendary hero, conquering all obstacles as if he was immortal. Up until the end of Beowulf’s life he was constantly looking to be the hero. However, his humanity is exposed by his death. Heroes all share the characteristic of their willingness to die in their effort to accomplish their heroic act, thus making the act in itself heroic. Throughout the epic, Beowulf in many ways exhibited all the qualities and characteristics needed to be a true hero. Beowulf was passed on from person to person. Beowulf possesses the superhuman abilities, and the amazing power to hold his†¦show more content†¦He always explains his death wishes before going into battle and requests to have any assets delivered to his people. â€Å"And if death does take me, send the hammered mail of my armor to Higlac...†. Beowulf is a hero in the eyes of his fellow men through his amazing physical strength. He fought in numerous battles and returned victorious from all of them but his last. He understands that fate will work its magic no matter what, and he could be killed at any point in his life. He faces that reality by showing no fear and preparing for a positive or a fatal outcome. Beowulf showed his honor as he traveled from his homeland to battle the vicious monster Grendel, who was terrorizing the Danes. Grendel â€Å"Raided and ravaged† the mead hall, showing no honor by killing intoxicated men in their sleep. Beowulf knows that there is a chance that he may die in his great battle against Grendel when he says, â€Å"If death does take me, send the hammered mail of my armor to Higlac†¦Ã¢â‚¬ , yet he is still willing to attempt to defeat Grendel. A hero in the Anglo-Saxon time is always very confident, as well he should be. It would serve no purpose to face battle with doubt of ones ability to do so, and with fear of all that awaits him. Beowulf’s morality came also in the form of loyalty to people and his word. Promises by Beowulf were kept . Acceptance of death, and care for the welfare of his people were Beowulf’s greatest virtues. HisShow MoreRelatedThe Epic Of Beowulf As An Epic Hero1519 Words   |  7 Pagesaway following a journey, you have most likely read an epic. An epic by definition is â€Å"a long poem, typically one derived from ancient oral tradition, narrating the deeds and adventures of heroic or legendary figures or the history of a nation†. Every epic has a main character that undergoes the same archetypal journey as all other heroes, an epic hero. There are specific qualities one must have to be considered an epic hero. Each epic hero possesses superhuman strength, displays a strong sense ofRead MoreThe Epic Of Beowulf As An Epic Hero711 Words   |  3 Pagesthan the writer. These â€Å"epic heros† are protagonists that fulfill their potential of greatness through using their bravery, strength and humility for good. The near ancient tale of Beowulf is a classic example of an epic story that contains an epic hero. In this tale Hrothgar, the king of the Danes, has been terrorized by a beast known as Grendel. This beast has been murdering the king’s people and no one has come close to stopping this killer. A Geat warrior named Beowulf hears of the King’s predicamentRead MoreBeowulf : An Epic Hero930 Words   |  4 Pages The story of Beowulf shows its reader many characteristics of why this Anglo-Saxon poem is an epic. First of all, Beowulf is a warrior of epic renown by the time he formally introduces himself in the poem. Next, Beowulf is the warrior that many strive to be in life. In addition, Beowulf finds himself tackling many quests that involve dangerous beasts, or as he might call them, demons. The next quality shown by Beowulf is his bravery and honor. The reader is able to easily identify this characteristicRead MoreBeowulf, The Epic Hero1373 Words   |  6 Pages 2015 Beowulf, The Epic Hero In Anglo Saxon times, Beowulf is considered a well known epic hero. â€Å"Epic heroes are literary characters from ancient mythology and other stories, which were written down in the form of long, narrative epic poems. The hero is the main character, or protagonist of the poem†(Epic Hero: Definition, Characteristics Examples.). The epic hero usually battles for accomplishments to a set of tasks to complete important goals. Beowulf is described as an epic hero becauseRead MoreThe Epic Hero Of Beowulf866 Words   |  4 PagesAn epic hero is someone who is of great importance, they have supernatural abilities, have some form of connection with the Gods, and accomplish great deeds. In Beowulf, translated by Seamus Heaney, Beowulf is the epic hero in his tale and he is considered great by those who know of his life. There are two versions of his story which portrays him in a certain way. The video version does not do its best to portray him as an epic hero but instead show that he is a liar, a womanizer, and a coward. TheRead MoreBeowulf : An Epic Hero894 Words   |  4 Pages The character of Beowulf demonstrates several characteristics that make a great epic hero. Throughout his lifetime he displayed several characteristics such as honor, bravery, physical superiority, leadership, and glory. These characteristics all formed how the Anglo-Saxons believed one should live their life. Along with the valorous deeds that Beowulf accomplished he is considered to be a prime example of an epic hero. Beowulf would have even been considered a model human to the Anglo-SaxonsRead MoreBeowulf : An Epic Hero978 Words   |  4 Pages Beowulf is a character that exudes the qualities of an epic hero. Throughout this epic, Beowulf is seen as a hero to many and a major threat to the evils he encounters. The values of the Anglo-Saxons, who would have read and admired this poem, included loyalty, bravery, and honor. Beowulf’s character exemplifies all of these qualities to the highest degree. The values and traditions of the original composers of this story cause Beowulf’s character to be the perfect example of an Anglo-SaxonRead MoreBeowulf: an Epic Hero983 Words   |  4 PagesGauvain British Literature Beowulf Essay 9/22/04 Beowulf: An Epic Hero According to Abrams, the heroic poem is a long verse narrative on a serious subject, told in an elevated style, and centered on a heroic or quasi-divine figure on whose actions depends the fate of a tribe, a nation, or the human race. Beowulf fits Abrams description of an epic, exhibiting all of the characteristics listed throughout the book, thus defining Beowulf as a hero and making the book an epic through its elevatedRead MoreBeowulf, the Epic Hero1431 Words   |  6 PagesBeowulf, the Epic Hero There have been many grand stories about great warriors, and champions; those about epic heroes however, are the truly exceptional tales. One such tale, over a thousand years old, stands out from all the rest: Beowulf, the tale of a great warrior, on his quest to achieve eternal glory, defeating great opponents. Throughout the whole story, Beowulf demonstrates most –if not all- of the qualities that an archetypal hero possesses. He embodies the highest ideals of his cultureRead MoreBeowulf : The Epic Hero960 Words   |  4 PagesPotter, and Beowulf all have in common? They all demonstrate the qualities of epic heroes. Beowulf represents several characteristics of an epic hero and demonstrates the values of the Anglo-Saxons. He is the main character of his story, he has a main goal, he travels and fights with a group of people, and he accomplishes many valorous deeds; the values of the Anglo-Saxons are also shown through the actions of Beowulf, such as courage, loyalty, an d fame. For example, when Beowulf heard a cry